Semaglutide
Ozempic · Wegovy
What a well-evidenced compound looks like: dozens of trials, Phase 3 and 4, approved indications that match what it's sold for. Included as the yardstick.
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610
Human trials
Tirzepatide
Mounjaro · Zepbound
The other yardstick. When something works, the trial record looks like this — not like a blank page.
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234
Human trials
Thymosin α1
Thymalfasin · Zadaxin · Tα1
Genuinely well-studied — 63 registered human trials. But they study hepatitis, cancer and sepsis. None lists an autoimmune condition as its primary indication.
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63
Human trials
Retatrutide
LY3437943 · triple agonist
The next-generation GLP-1, still in trials. Being sold grey-market before it has been approved for anything.
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33
Human trials
MOTS-c
Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c
Actually being studied in humans — for metabolic and kidney disease. The endurance and longevity claims are running ahead of that.
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5
Human trials
Thymosin β4
Tβ4 · TB4 full protein
The full protein, distinct from the TB-500 fragment sold online. Real research programme — mostly eye drops and wound healing.
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18
Human trials
Tesamorelin
Egrifta
Genuinely FDA-approved — for one specific condition in people with HIV. That approval does not extend to the general anti-aging use it's sold for.
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21
Human trials
Sermorelin
GHRH (1-29)
Real research history, mostly in liver and metabolic disease. The anti-aging positioning is a marketing layer on top of that.
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34
Human trials
GHK-Cu
Copper peptide
One of the few where the trials roughly match the marketing — skin. The hair-growth claims are not what's being tested.
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3
Human trials
TB-500
Thymosin Beta-4 fragment
The one human trial under this name is a heart study. Not a single registered trial tests it for the injury recovery it's sold for.
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1
Human trials
Melanotan II
MT-2
One registered human trial, for vitiligo — not the tanning or libido uses it is sold for.
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1
Human trials
BPC-157
Body Protection Compound 157 · Pentadecapeptide
Sold for four things. Tested in humans for one of them — and that trial is still recruiting.
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2
Human trials
PT-141
Bremelanotide · Vyleesi
Genuinely approved — as Vyleesi, for one specific condition in premenopausal women. What is sold as "PT-141" online is not that product.
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10
Human trials
—Read this
Recruiting is a beginning, not a result
A study that has opened has not found anything yet. Results are typically years away, and plenty of trials stop early or never publish. An open trial tells you a question is being asked, not that it has been answered.